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在前面的文章中系统的阐述了工程坐标的转换类别和转换的方法。关于转换代码实现,有很多的类库:
这里针对GPS接收的WGS84椭球的经纬度转换为地方坐标系的问题,利用C#,对工程坐标转换方法和步骤做出详细的解答。不基于任何类库和函数库,也未使用矩阵库,可以便利的将代码移植到任何语言。
根据上一篇文章中对七参数、四参数、高程拟合在坐标转换的作用和使用条件的阐述,我们可以将上一篇文章第7节的总结图,按照计算的流程重新绘制。
根据上图可知,预将WGS84椭球的GPS坐标需要经过5次转换。其中,
因此,根据计算原理,直接可以利用C#代码实现。
5个转换是对点的操作,不妨构建自定义点类MyPoint
,在这个类中定义转换方法。在实现转换方法之前,需要定义数据属性,以承载转换参数和转换数据。代码框架如下:
internal class MyPoint
{// 定义椭球类型。这里仅列举了4中国内常见的椭球类型
// 国际椭球可以增加自行定义
public enum EllipsoidType
{ WGS84,
CGCS2000,
西安80,
北京54
}
//大地坐标经度、维度、高度
public double L {get; set; }
public double B {get; set; }
public double H {get; set; }
//空间坐标系
public double X {get; set; }
public double Y {get; set; }
public double Z {get; set; }
//七参数转换后的空间坐标
public double X2 {get; set; }
public double Y2 {get; set; }
public double Z2 {get; set; }
private double a = 0, f = 0, b = 0, e = 0, e2 = 0; //椭球参数
private readonly double rho = 180 / Math.PI;
private readonly double d2r = Math.PI / 180;
public double Xs {get; set; }
public double Ys {get; set; }
public double Hs {get; set; }
//七参数 三个线性平移量-单位米 三个旋转平移量-十进制秒为单位(运算时注意转换为度) 比例因子-单位百万分率 (ppm)
//测量队给出的七参数单位与计算的单位不同,要进行单位转化 1 秒=0.0000048481373323 弧度
//尺度因子有两种单位的表示形式,一种结果约为1,如1.0000045,用k表示;
//另一种就是ppm的表示形式,稍微比1大一点,如4.5,用m表示。k=m/1000000
private double dx = 0, dy = 0, dz = 0, rx = 0, ry = 0, rz = 0, m = 0, k = 0;
}
3.2 椭球参数赋值常见的椭球参数值在我的文章经纬度坐标转换为工程坐标可以找到,这里选取与上述代码对应的4类椭球,并在上述MyPoint
类中增加函数EllipsoidParam(EllipsoidType type)
。
////// 椭球参数设置
/// ///椭球类型private void EllipsoidParam(EllipsoidType type)
{// CGCS2000 椭球参数
if (type == EllipsoidType.CGCS2000)
{this.a = 6378137;
this.f = 1 / 298.257222101;
}
// 西安 80
else if (type == EllipsoidType.西安80)
{this.a = 6378140;
this.f = 1 / 298.257;
}
// 北京 54
else if (type == EllipsoidType.北京54)
{this.a = 6378245;
this.f = 1 / 298.3;
}
// WGS-84
else
{this.a = 6378137;
this.f = 1 / 298.257223563;
}
this.b = this.a * (1 - this.f);
this.e = Math.Sqrt(this.a * this.a - this.b * this.b) / this.a; //第一偏心率
this.e2 = Math.Sqrt(this.a * this.a - this.b * this.b) / this.b; //第二偏心率
}
3.3 转换1、3(大地经纬度坐标与地心地固坐标的转换)charlee44的博客有C++代码的实现,现在利用C#重构即可。上述MyPoint
类中增加BLH2XYZ(EllipsoidType type)
和XYZ2BLH(EllipsoidType type)
两个函数。
////// 经纬度坐标转空间直角坐标
/// ///椭球类型public void BLH2XYZ(EllipsoidType type = EllipsoidType.WGS84)
{EllipsoidParam(type);
double sB = Math.Sin(this.B * d2r);
double cB = Math.Cos(this.B * d2r);
double sL = Math.Sin(this.L * d2r);
double cL = Math.Cos(this.L * d2r);
double N = this.a / (Math.Sqrt(1 - this.e * this.e * sB * sB));
this.X = (N + this.H) * cB * cL;
this.Y = (N + this.H) * cB * sL;
this.Z = (N * (1 - this.e * this.e) + this.H) * sB;
this.X2 = this.X;
this.Y2 = this.Y;
this.Z2 = this.Z;
}
////// 空间直角坐标转经纬度坐标
/// ///椭球类型public void XYZ2BLH(EllipsoidType type)
{EllipsoidParam(type);
// 这里转出来的B L是弧度
this.L = Math.Atan(this.Y2 / this.X2) + Math.PI;
this.L = this.L * 180 / Math.PI;
// B需要迭代计算
double B2 = Math.Atan(Z2 / Math.Sqrt(X2 * X2 + Y2 * Y2));
double B1;
double N;
while (true)
{N = a / Math.Sqrt(1 - f * (2 - f) * Math.Sin(B2) * Math.Sin(B2));
B1 = Math.Atan((Z2 + N * f * (2 - f) * Math.Sin(B2)) / Math.Sqrt(X2 * X2 + Y2 * Y2));
if (Math.Abs(B1 - B2)< 1e-12)
break;
B2 = B1;
}
this.B = B2 * 180 / Math.PI;
double sB = Math.Sin(this.B * d2r);
double cB = Math.Cos(this.B * d2r);
this.H = this.Z2 / sB - N * (1 - this.e * this.e);
}
3.4 投影转换此处仅实现了常见的高斯-克里格投影。上述MyPoint
类中增加GaussProjection(EllipsoidType type, ProjectionSetting prjSetting)
函数。
////// 利用高斯投影将指定椭球类型的经纬度坐标转为投影坐标
/// ///椭球类型///投影设置实例public void GaussProjection(EllipsoidType type, ProjectionSetting prjSetting)
{this.EllipsoidParam(type);
double l = (this.L - prjSetting.CenterL) / this.rho;
double cB = Math.Cos(this.B * this.d2r);
double sB = Math.Sin(this.B * this.d2r);
double s2b = Math.Sin(this.B * this.d2r * 2);
double s4b = Math.Sin(this.B * this.d2r * 4);
double s6b = Math.Sin(this.B * this.d2r * 6);
double s8b = Math.Sin(this.B * this.d2r * 8);
double N = this.a / Math.Sqrt(1 - this.e * this.e * sB * sB); // 卯酉圈曲率半径
double t = Math.Tan(this.B * this.d2r);
double eta = this.e2 * cB;
double m0 = this.a * (1 - this.e * this.e);
double m2 = 3.0 / 2.0 * this.e * this.e * m0;
double m4 = 5.0 / 4.0 * this.e * this.e * m2;
double m6 = 7.0 / 6.0 * this.e * this.e * m4;
double m8 = 9.0 / 8.0 * this.e * this.e * m6;
double a0 = m0 + 1.0 / 2.0 * m2 + 3.0 / 8.0 * m4 + 5.0 / 16.0 * m6 + 35.0 / 128.0 * m8;
double a2 = 1.0 / 2.0 * m2 + 1.0 / 2.0 * m4 + 15.0 / 32.0 * m6 + 7.0 / 16.0 * m8;
double a4 = 1.0 / 8.0 * m4 + 3.0 / 16.0 * m6 + 7.0 / 32.0 * m8;
double a6 = 1.0 / 32.0 * m6 + 1.0 / 16.0 * m8;
double a8 = 1.0 / 128.0 * m8;
// X1为自赤道量起的子午线弧长
double X1 = a0 * (this.B * this.d2r) - 1.0 / 2.0 * a2 * s2b + 1.0 / 4.0 * a4 * s4b - 1.0 / 6.0 * a6 * s6b + 1.0 / 8.0 * a8 * s8b;
this.Xs = X1 + N / 2 * t * cB * cB * l * l + N / 24 * t * (5 - t * t + 9 * Math.Pow(eta, 2) + 4 * Math.Pow(eta, 4)) * Math.Pow(cB, 4) * Math.Pow(l, 4)
+ N / 720 * t * (61 - 58 * t * t + Math.Pow(t, 4)) * Math.Pow(cB, 6) * Math.Pow(l, 6);
this.Ys = N * cB * l + N / 6 * (1 - t * t + eta * eta) * Math.Pow(cB, 3) * Math.Pow(l, 3)
+ N / 120 * (5 - 18 * t * t + Math.Pow(t, 4) + 14 * Math.Pow(eta, 2) - 58 * eta * eta * t * t) * Math.Pow(cB, 5) * Math.Pow(l, 5);
this.Hs = this.H;
// 假东 假北偏移
this.Xs += prjSetting.PseudoNorth;
this.Ys += prjSetting.PseudoEast;
}
其中,ProjectionSetting
是一个投影参数设置类,独立于MyPoint
类,用于设定中央经线、东偏等投影参数。
internal class ProjectionSetting
{private double _centerL;
public double CenterL
{ get {return _centerL; }
set {_centerL = value; }
}
private double _centerB;
public double CenterB
{ get {return _centerB; }
set {_centerB = value; }
}
private double _pseudoEast;
public double PseudoEast
{ get {return _pseudoEast; }
set {_pseudoEast = value; }
}
private double _pseudoNorth;
public double PseudoNorth
{ get {return _pseudoNorth; }
set {_pseudoNorth = value; }
}
private double _prjScale;
public double PrjScale
{ get {return _prjScale; }
set {_prjScale = value; }
}
////// 设置全部的投影参数
/// ///////////////public ProjectionSetting(double centerL, double centerB,
double pseudoEast, double pseudoNorth,
double prjScale)
{ CenterL = centerL;
CenterB = centerB;
PseudoEast = pseudoEast;
PseudoNorth = pseudoNorth;
PrjScale = prjScale;
}
////// 仅设置中央经线和东偏
/// //////public ProjectionSetting(double centerL, double pseudoEast)
{CenterL = centerL;
CenterB = 0.0;
PseudoEast = pseudoEast;
PseudoNorth = 0.0;
PrjScale = 1.0;
}
////// 默认常用投影参数,中央经线120°,东偏500000
/// public ProjectionSetting()
{CenterL = 120.0;
CenterB = 0.0;
PseudoEast = 500000;
PseudoNorth = 0.0;
PrjScale = 1.0;
}
}
3.5 转换2的实现(三参数、七参数)上述MyPoint
类中增加SevenParamTrans(Datum7Paras datum7Paras)
和TreeParamTrans(Datum3Paras datum3Paras)
函数。
////// 利用7参数进行坐标系之间转换
/// ///7参数实例public void SevenParamTrans(Datum7Paras datum7Paras)
{this.dx = datum7Paras.Dx;
this.dy = datum7Paras.Dy;
this.dz = datum7Paras.Dz;
this.rx = datum7Paras.Rx * 0.0000048481373323; //1 秒=0.0000048481373323 弧度
this.ry = datum7Paras.Ry * 0.0000048481373323;
this.rz = datum7Paras.Rz * 0.0000048481373323;
this.m = datum7Paras.PPM;
this.k = this.m / 1000000;
this.X2 = (1 + k) * (this.X + this.rz * this.Y - this.ry * this.Z) + this.dx;
this.Y2 = (1 + k) * (-this.rz * this.X + this.Y + this.rx * this.Z) + this.dy;
this.Z2 = (1 + k) * (this.ry * this.X - this.rx * this.Y + this.Z) + this.dz;
}
////// 利用3参数进行坐标系之间转换
/// ///3参数实例public void TreeParamTrans(Datum3Paras datum3Paras)
{this.dx = datum3Paras.Dx;
this.dy = datum3Paras.Dy;
this.dz = datum3Paras.Dz;
this.X2 = this.X + this.dx;
this.Y2 = this.Y + this.dy;
this.Z2 = this.Z + this.dz;
}
Datum3Paras
和Datum7Paras
是独立于MyPoint
类,用于设定坐标转换参数。
////// 7参数
/// internal class Datum7Paras
{private double _dx;
public double Dx
{ get {return _dx; }
set {_dx = value; }
}
private double _dy;
public double Dy
{get {return _dy; }
set {_dy = value; }
}
private double _dz;
public double Dz
{get {return _dz; }
set {_dz = value; }
}
private double _rx;
public double Rx
{get {return _rx; }
set {_rx = value; }
}
private double _ry;
public double Ry
{get {return _ry; }
set {_ry = value; }
}
private double _rz;
public double Rz
{get {return _rz; }
set {_rz = value; }
}
private double _ppm;
public double PPM
{get {return _ppm; }
set {_ppm = value; }
}
public Datum7Paras(double dx, double dy, double dz,
double rx, double ry, double rz,
double ppm)
{_dx = dx;
_dy = dy;
_dz = dz;
_rx = rx;
_ry = ry;
_rz = rz;
_ppm = ppm;
}
}
internal class Datum3Paras
{private double _dx;
public double Dx
{get {return _dx; }
set {_dx = value; }
}
private double _dy;
public double Dy
{get {return _dy; }
set {_dy = value; }
}
private double _dz;
public double Dz
{get {return _dz; }
set {_dz = value; }
}
public Datum3Paras(double dx, double dy, double dz)
{Dx = dx;
Dy = dy;
Dz = dz;
}
}
3.6 转换5的实现(四参数+高程拟合)上述MyPoint
类中增加Transform4Para(Trans4Paras transPara)
函数。此处,高程拟合仅实现了已知一个测点的固定改正差。
////// 投影坐标获取后,进一步利用4参数转换坐标
/// ///public void Transform4Para(Trans4Paras transPara)
{var X1 = transPara.Dx;
var Y1 = transPara.Dy;
var cosAngle = Math.Cos(transPara.A);
var sinAngle = Math.Sin(transPara.A);
X1 += transPara.K * (cosAngle * this.Xs - sinAngle * this.Ys);
Y1 += transPara.K * (sinAngle * this.Xs + cosAngle * this.Ys);
this.Xs = X1;
this.Ys = Y1;
// 固定改正差
this.Hs += transPara.Dh;
}
Trans4Paras
是独立于MyPoint
类,用于设定坐标转换参数。
internal class Trans4Paras
{private double _dx;
public double Dx
{get {return _dx; }
set {_dx = value; }
}
private double _dy;
public double Dy
{get {return _dy; }
set {_dy = value; }
}
private double _a;
public double A
{get {return _a; }
set {_a = value; }
}
private double _k;
public double K
{get {return _k; }
set {_k = value; }
}
private double _dh;
public double Dh
{get {return _dh; }
set {_dh = value; }
}
public Trans4Paras(double dx, double dy, double a, double k, double dh)
{Dx = dx;
Dy = dy;
A = a;
K = k;
Dh = dh;
}
public Trans4Paras()
{}
}
3.7 调用过程里面的参数,因为保密原因,做出了随机更改,实际使用时可根据自己情况赋值。
3.7.1 一步法// 实例化计算参数
MyPoint p = new MyPoint();.
p.L=113.256;
p.B=31.565;
p.H=5.216;
// 经纬度转空间坐标
p.BLH2XYZ();
// 实例化七参数
Datum7Paras datum7Paras = new Datum7Paras(
489.2994563566, 141.1525159753, 15.74421120568,
-0.164423, 4.141573, -4.808299,
-6.56482989958);
p.SevenParamTrans(datum7Paras);
// 空间坐标转回经纬度
p.XYZ2BLH(EllipsoidType.WGS84);
// 高斯投影 经纬度转平面坐标
// 实例化投影参数类
ProjectionSetting projectionSetting = new ProjectionSetting(120,500000);
p.GaussProjection(EllipsoidType.WGS84, projectionSetting);
3.7.2 两步法// 实例化计算参数
MyPoint p = new MyPoint();.
p.SetLBH(113.256,31.565,5.216);
// 经纬度转空间坐标
p.BLH2XYZ();
// 实例化七参数
Datum7Paras datum7Paras = new Datum7Paras(
489.2994563566, 141.1525159753, 15.74421120568,
-0.164423, 4.141573, -4.808299,
-6.56482989958);
p.SevenParamTrans(datum7Paras);
// 空间坐标转回经纬度
p.XYZ2BLH(EllipsoidType.WGS84);
// 高斯投影 经纬度转平面坐标
// 实例化投影参数类
ProjectionSetting projectionSetting = new ProjectionSetting(120,500000);
p.GaussProjection(EllipsoidType.WGS84, projectionSetting);
Trans4Paras transformPara = new(6456.15957352521, -134618.390707439, 0.011104964500129, 1.00002537583871, 5.788);
p.Transform4Para(transformPara);
至此,关于工程坐标系转化,即GPS接收的WGS84椭球的经纬度转换为地方坐标系的问题,基本全部实现。代码正确性和准确性的验证是与 南方GPS工具箱做对比。例如,采用上述的一步法,在设定好坐标、7参数、投影参数后,计算发现,与南方GPS工具箱在y方向偏差1mm。结果如下图:
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