重庆分公司
重庆分公司，新征程启航
为企业提供网站建设、域名注册、服务器等服务
MongoDB3分片集群安装配置-创新互联
操作系统：CentOS 6 x86_64
MongoDB版本：3.4.3
集群主机拓扑：
| 主机 | mongo shardsvr & ReplSetName | mongo configsvr & ReplSetName | mongos |
| test1.lan | shard-a shard-b | ||
| test2.lan | shard-a shard-b | ||
| test3.lan | shard-a shard-b | ||
| test4.lan | cfgshard | ||
| test5.lan | cfgshard | ||
| test6.lan | cfgshard | ||
| test7.lan | yes |
test1-3 分别在一台主机上启动两个不同副本集名称的mongod实例。
test4-6 三台主机作为 config server 单独运行。
test7 主机作为 mongos 路由主机。
安装 MongoDB
配置 repo 源
[mongodb-org-3.4] name=MongoDB Repository #baseurl=https://repo.mongodb.org/yum/redhat//mongodb-org/3.4/x86_64/ baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/mongodb/yum/redhat/$releasever/mongodb-org/3.4/x86_64/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 gpgkey=https://www.mongodb.org/static/pgp/server-3.4.asc选择国内 阿里云 镜像资源。
- # yum install mongodb-org -y
配置 /etc/mongod.conf
# mongod.conf # for documentation of all options, see: # http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/configuration-options/ # where to write logging data. systemLog: destination: file logAppend: true path: /var/log/mongodb/mongod.log # Where and how to store data. storage: dbPath: /var/lib/mongo journal: enabled: true # engine: # mmapv1: # wiredTiger: # how the process runs processManagement: fork: true # fork and run in background pidFilePath: /var/run/mongodb/mongod.pid # location of pidfile # network interfaces net: port: 27017 bindIp: 0.0.0.0 # Listen to local interface only, comment to listen on all interfaces. #security: #operationProfiling: replication: replSetName: shard-a sharding: clusterRole: shardsvr ## Enterprise-Only Options #auditLog: #snmp:replication 处配置 副本集 名，sharding 开启 shardsvr 模式。
启动 mongod 服务
[root@test1 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ] [root@test2 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ] [root@test3 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ]配置 shard-a 副本集
[root@test1 ~]# mongo test1.lan:27017 MongoDB shell version v3.4.3 connecting to: test1.lan:27017 MongoDB server version: 3.4.3 Server has startup warnings: 2017-04-24T22:46:19.703+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] 2017-04-24T22:46:19.703+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] ** WARNING: Using the XFS filesystem is strongly recommended with the WiredTiger storage engine 2017-04-24T22:46:19.703+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] ** See http://dochub.mongodb.org/core/prodnotes-filesystem 2017-04-24T22:46:20.321+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] > rs.initiate() { "info2" : "no configuration specified. Using a default configuration for the set", "me" : "test1.lan:27017", "ok" : 1 } shard-a:SECONDARY> shard-a:PRIMARY> config = rs.config() # 保存配置对象 { "_id" : "shard-a", "version" : 1, "protocolVersion" : NumberLong(1), "members" : [ { "_id" : 0, "host" : "test1.lan:27017", "arbiterOnly" : false, "buildIndexes" : true, "hidden" : false, "priority" : 1, "tags" : { }, "slaveDelay" : NumberLong(0), "votes" : 1 } ], "settings" : { "chainingAllowed" : true, "heartbeatIntervalMillis" : 2000, "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10, "electionTimeoutMillis" : 10000, "catchUpTimeoutMillis" : 2000, "getLastErrorModes" : { }, "getLastErrorDefaults" : { "w" : 1, "wtimeout" : 0 }, "replicaSetId" : ObjectId("58fe111823612a418eb7f3fc") } } shard-a:PRIMARY> config.members[0].priority = 2 # 这里增加自身主机的优先级为 2，防止后面 PRIMARY 重新选举到其余主机 2 shard-a:PRIMARY> rs.reconfig(config) # 重新应用该配置 { "ok" : 1 } shard-a:PRIMARY> rs.add("test2.lan:27017") # 添加副本集主机 { "ok" : 1 } shard-a:PRIMARY> rs.add("test3.lan") # 添加副本集主机（默认端口为 27017） { "ok" : 1 } shard-a:PRIMARY> rs.config() { "_id" : "shard-a", "version" : 4, "protocolVersion" : NumberLong(1), "members" : [ { "_id" : 0, "host" : "test1.lan:27017", "arbiterOnly" : false, "buildIndexes" : true, "hidden" : false, "priority" : 2, "tags" : { }, "slaveDelay" : NumberLong(0), "votes" : 1 }, { "_id" : 1, "host" : "test2.lan:27017", "arbiterOnly" : false, "buildIndexes" : true, "hidden" : false, "priority" : 1, "tags" : { }, "slaveDelay" : NumberLong(0), "votes" : 1 }, { "_id" : 2, "host" : "test3.lan:27017", "arbiterOnly" : false, "buildIndexes" : true, "hidden" : false, "priority" : 1, "tags" : { }, "slaveDelay" : NumberLong(0), "votes" : 1 } ], "settings" : { "chainingAllowed" : true, "heartbeatIntervalMillis" : 2000, "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10, "electionTimeoutMillis" : 10000, "catchUpTimeoutMillis" : 2000, "getLastErrorModes" : { }, "getLastErrorDefaults" : { "w" : 1, "wtimeout" : 0 }, "replicaSetId" : ObjectId("58fe111823612a418eb7f3fc") } }这样，副本集 shard-a 就配置完成
接下来我们启动并配置副本集 shard-b
[root@test1 ~]# mkdir /var/lib/mongo2 [root@test1 ~]# mongod --shardsvr --replSet shard-b --dbpath /var/lib/mongo2/ --port 37017 --logpath /var/log/mongodb/mongod2.log --fork --journal about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections. forked process: 14323 child process started successfully, parent exiting [root@test2 ~]# mkdir /var/lib/mongo2 [root@test2 ~]# mongod --shardsvr --replSet shard-b --dbpath /var/lib/mongo2/ --port 37017 --logpath /var/log/mongodb/mongod2.log --fork --journal about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections. forked process: 5623 child process started successfully, parent exiting [root@test3 ~]# mkdir /var/lib/mongo2 [root@test3 ~]# mongod --shardsvr --replSet shard-b --dbpath /var/lib/mongo2/ --port 37017 --logpath /var/log/mongodb/mongod2.log --fork --journal about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections. forked process: 4303 child process started successfully, parent exiting配置 shard-b 副本集
[root@test1 ~]# mongo test1.lan:37017 MongoDB shell version v3.4.3 connecting to: test1.lan:37017 MongoDB server version: 3.4.3 Server has startup warnings: 2017-04-24T22:59:43.476+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] 2017-04-24T22:59:43.476+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] ** WARNING: Using the XFS filesystem is strongly recommended with the WiredTiger storage engine 2017-04-24T22:59:43.476+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] ** See http://dochub.mongodb.org/core/prodnotes-filesystem 2017-04-24T22:59:44.019+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] > rs.initiate() { "info2" : "no configuration specified. Using a default configuration for the set", "me" : "test1.lan:37017", "ok" : 1 } shard-b:SECONDARY> shard-b:PRIMARY> config = rs.config() { "_id" : "shard-b", "version" : 1, "protocolVersion" : NumberLong(1), "members" : [ { "_id" : 0, "host" : "test1.lan:37017", "arbiterOnly" : false, "buildIndexes" : true, "hidden" : false, "priority" : 1, "tags" : { }, "slaveDelay" : NumberLong(0), "votes" : 1 } ], "settings" : { "chainingAllowed" : true, "heartbeatIntervalMillis" : 2000, "heartbeatTimeoutSecs" : 10, "electionTimeoutMillis" : 10000, "catchUpTimeoutMillis" : 2000, "getLastErrorModes" : { }, "getLastErrorDefaults" : { "w" : 1, "wtimeout" : 0 }, "replicaSetId" : ObjectId("58fe1465f7a2e985d87b8bf8") } } shard-b:PRIMARY> config.members[0].priority = 2 2 shard-b:PRIMARY> rs.reconfig(config) { "ok" : 1 } shard-b:PRIMARY> rs.add("test2.lan:37017") { "ok" : 1 } shard-b:PRIMARY> rs.add("test3.lan:37017") { "ok" : 1 } shard-b:PRIMARY> rs.isMaster() { "hosts" : [ "test1.lan:37017", "test2.lan:37017", "test3.lan:37017" ], "setName" : "shard-b", "setVersion" : 4, "ismaster" : true, "secondary" : false, "primary" : "test1.lan:37017", "me" : "test1.lan:37017", "electionId" : ObjectId("7fffffff0000000000000001"), "lastWrite" : { "opTime" : { "ts" : Timestamp(1493046429, 1), "t" : NumberLong(1) }, "lastWriteDate" : ISODate("2017-04-24T15:07:09Z") }, "maxBsonObjectSize" : 16777216, "maxMessageSizeBytes" : 48000000, "maxWriteBatchSize" : 1000, "localTime" : ISODate("2017-04-24T15:07:24.475Z"), "maxWireVersion" : 5, "minWireVersion" : 0, "readOnly" : false, "ok" : 1 }这样 shard-a shard-b 两个副本集已经配置完成
开始配置 config server，MongoDB 从3.2版本之后开始规定 config server 也必须要开启副本集功能。
# mongod.conf # for documentation of all options, see: # http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/configuration-options/ # where to write logging data. systemLog: destination: file logAppend: true path: /var/log/mongodb/mongod.log # Where and how to store data. storage: dbPath: /var/lib/mongo journal: enabled: true # engine: # mmapv1: # wiredTiger: # how the process runs processManagement: fork: true # fork and run in background pidFilePath: /var/run/mongodb/mongod.pid # location of pidfile # network interfaces net: port: 27019 bindIp: 0.0.0.0 # Listen to local interface only, comment to listen on all interfaces. #security: #operationProfiling: replication: replSetName: cfgReplSet sharding: clusterRole: configsvr ## Enterprise-Only Options #auditLog: #snmp:
config server 的配置文件如下：config server 一般情况下是监听在 27019 端口启动三台config server 的mongod 服务
[root@test4 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ] [root@test5 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ] [root@test6 ~]# service mongod start Starting mongod: [ OK ]同样，config server 的副本集配置如上文所示，这里的代码就省略了。
配置启动 mongos 路由主机
[root@test7 ~]# mongos --configdb cfgReplSet/test4.lan,test5.lan,test6.lan:27019 --logpath /var/log/mongodb/mongos.log --fork --port 30000 about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections. forked process: 3338 child process started successfully, parent exitingMongoDB 版本 >3.2 启动mongos 的时候，需要跟上 config server 的副本集名称 （这里是 cfgReplSet）
连接 mongos 测试
[root@test7 ~]# mongo test7.lan:30000 MongoDB shell version v3.4.4 connecting to: test7.lan:30000 MongoDB server version: 3.4.4 Server has startup warnings: 2017-04-24T23:30:47.285+0800 I CONTROL [main] 2017-04-24T23:30:47.285+0800 I CONTROL [main] ** WARNING: Access control is not enabled for the database. 2017-04-24T23:30:47.285+0800 I CONTROL [main] ** Read and write access to data and configuration is unrestricted. 2017-04-24T23:30:47.285+0800 I CONTROL [main] ** WARNING: You are running this process as the root user, which is not recommended. 2017-04-24T23:30:47.285+0800 I CONTROL [main] mongos> show dbs admin 0.000GB config 0.000GB mongos> use config switched to db config mongos> show collections chunks lockpings locks migrations mongos shards tags version mongos> db.shards.find() # 这里没有返回文档，也说明分片集群中并没有添加可用分片集群。配置分片集群：shard
mongos> sh.addShard("shard-a/test1.lan,test2.lan,test3.lan") { "shardAdded" : "shard-a", "ok" : 1 } mongos> db.shards.find() { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } mongos> sh.addShard("shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017") { "shardAdded" : "shard-b", "ok" : 1 } mongos> db.shards.find() { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } # 检查分片集群的分片副本集数量，方法一 mongos> db.getSiblingDB('config').shards.find() { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } # 检查分片集群的分片副本集数量，方法二 mongos> use admin switched to db admin mongos> db.runCommand({listshards: 1}) { "shards" : [ { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 }, { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } ], "ok" : 1 } # 检查分片集群的分片副本集数量，方法三配置分片集合：接下来的步骤就是在数据库上启动分片。分片不会自动完成，而是需要在数据库里提前为集合做好设置才行。
mongos> sh.enableSharding("test2_db") # 该库可以是已存在的，也可以是暂不存在的 { "ok" : 1 } mongos> db.getSiblingDB("config").databases.find() { "_id" : "test2_db", "primary" : "shard-a", "partitioned" : true } # sharding 分片库的配置库 databases 集合已经有相应的配置记录了。 mongos> sh.status() --- Sharding Status --- sharding version: { "_id" : 1, "minCompatibleVersion" : 5, "currentVersion" : 6, "clusterId" : ObjectId("58fe17e90b3df66581ff6b09") } shards: { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } active mongoses: "3.4.4" : 1 autosplit: Currently enabled: yes balancer: Currently enabled: yes Currently running: no Balancer lock taken at Mon Apr 24 2017 23:21:13 GMT+0800 (CST) by ConfigServer:Balancer Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0 Migration Results for the last 24 hours: No recent migrations databases: { "_id" : "test2_db", "primary" : "shard-a", "partitioned" : true } # 分片状态中更能方便的查看当前分片的状态信息，包括分片集群成员 以及 分片数据库，分片机制等。 mongos> sh.shardCollection("test2_db.users", {username: 1, _id: 1}) { "collectionsharded" : "test2_db.users", "ok" : 1 } # 此处，我们选择 username _id 作为组合分片键，组合分片键必须是一个索引 # 如果集合为空，那么该行命令会自动在集合中创建该索引，如果集合已存在对应数据，且该组合键的索引没有事先创建好，那么这条语句就会抛出错误 # 需要手动到集合创建该组合的索引，之后才能作为分片键 mongos> db.getSiblingDB("config").collections.find().pretty() { "_id" : "test2_db.users", "lastmodEpoch" : ObjectId("58fe21de224dc86230e9a8f7"), "lastmod" : ISODate("1970-02-19T17:02:47.296Z"), "dropped" : false, "key" : { "username" : 1, "_id" : 1 }, "unique" : false } # 配置完成后，config.collections 就存在了相应集合的分片键信息。
来看看分片集合在单独分片副本集中的存在形式
首先需要找到该库已经被分配到了哪个分片之上（由于该库之前并没有数据，所以创建分片键的时候，会自动插入索引数据，自动按照默认配置路由到其中一个分片键集群之中）
mongos> sh.status() --- Sharding Status --- sharding version: { "_id" : 1, "minCompatibleVersion" : 5, "currentVersion" : 6, "clusterId" : ObjectId("58fe17e90b3df66581ff6b09") } shards: { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } active mongoses: "3.4.4" : 1 autosplit: Currently enabled: yes balancer: Currently enabled: yes Currently running: no Balancer lock taken at Mon Apr 24 2017 23:21:13 GMT+0800 (CST) by ConfigServer:Balancer Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0 Migration Results for the last 24 hours: No recent migrations databases: { "_id" : "test2_db", "primary" : "shard-a", "partitioned" : true } test2_db.users shard key: { "username" : 1, "_id" : 1 } unique: false balancing: true chunks: shard-a 1 { "username" : { "$minKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "username" : { "$maxKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } } on : shard-a Timestamp(1, 0) # 最后这行 databases 看到了，该库的该数据块(chunks) 被分配到了 shard-a 副本集中，那么我们接下来就可以直接到 shard-a 中查看该库中users集合的文档信息。 # 登录到 shard-a 副本集中进行查看 shard-a:PRIMARY> show dbs admin 0.000GB local 0.000GB test2_db 0.000GB shard-a:PRIMARY> use test2_db switched to db test2_db shard-a:PRIMARY> db.users.find() # 该集合暂时没有文档 shard-a:PRIMARY> db.users.getIndexes() # 查看该集合的索引配置信息 [ { "v" : 2, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "test2_db.users" }, { "v" : 2, "key" : { "username" : 1, "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "username_1__id_1", "ns" : "test2_db.users" } # 查看到了两个索引，第一个索引 _id 为系统默认添加的索引，第二个索引就是创建分片键的时候自动创建的组合键索引 ]写入数据到分片集群
# 首先创建一个数据对象，用来填充文档大小 mongos> data = new Array(2049).join("abcd ") mongos> data.length 10240 # data 大小为 1MB mongos> for (var i=0; i < 100; i++){ ... db.getSiblingDB("test2_db").users.insert({ ... username: "Join" + i, ... age: i % 13 + 20, ... data: data } ... ) ... } WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 }) # 批量插入 100 条文档，每个文档约为 1MB 大小。 # 接下来看看有了这么多文档过后，会怎么分片。 mongos> db.getSiblingDB("config").chunks.count() 3 # 插入这么多数据以后，就会发现多了几个数据块。我们可以通过检查集合中的数据库的数量来验证这个猜想 mongos> db.getSiblingDB("config").chunks.find().pretty() { "_id" : "test2_db.users-username_MinKey_id_MinKey", "lastmod" : Timestamp(2, 1), "lastmodEpoch" : ObjectId("58fe21de224dc86230e9a8f7"), "ns" : "test2_db.users", "min" : { "username" : { "$minKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } }, "max" : { "username" : "Join1", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5af") }, "shard" : "shard-a" } { "_id" : "test2_db.users-username_\"Join1\"_id_ObjectId('58fe293756525c8a54e2a5af')", "lastmod" : Timestamp(1, 2), "lastmodEpoch" : ObjectId("58fe21de224dc86230e9a8f7"), "ns" : "test2_db.users", "min" : { "username" : "Join1", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5af") }, "max" : { "username" : "Join2", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5b0") }, "shard" : "shard-a" } { "_id" : "test2_db.users-username_\"Join2\"_id_ObjectId('58fe293756525c8a54e2a5b0')", "lastmod" : Timestamp(2, 0), "lastmodEpoch" : ObjectId("58fe21de224dc86230e9a8f7"), "ns" : "test2_db.users", "min" : { "username" : "Join2", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5b0") }, "max" : { "username" : { "$maxKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } }, "shard" : "shard-b" } # 查看每个数据块的详细分片信息，发现有两个块被存储在 shard-a 副本集中，还有一个数据块被存储在 shard-b 副本集中 # 我们也可以通过 sh.status() 来更直观的看到相关信息。 mongos> sh.status() --- Sharding Status --- sharding version: { "_id" : 1, "minCompatibleVersion" : 5, "currentVersion" : 6, "clusterId" : ObjectId("58fe17e90b3df66581ff6b09") } shards: { "_id" : "shard-a", "host" : "shard-a/test1.lan:27017,test2.lan:27017,test3.lan:27017", "state" : 1 } { "_id" : "shard-b", "host" : "shard-b/test1.lan:37017,test2.lan:37017,test3.lan:37017", "state" : 1 } active mongoses: "3.4.4" : 1 autosplit: Currently enabled: yes balancer: Currently enabled: yes Currently running: no Balancer lock taken at Mon Apr 24 2017 23:21:13 GMT+0800 (CST) by ConfigServer:Balancer Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0 Migration Results for the last 24 hours: 1 : Success databases: { "_id" : "test2_db", "primary" : "shard-a", "partitioned" : true } test2_db.users shard key: { "username" : 1, "_id" : 1 } unique: false balancing: true chunks: shard-a 2 shard-b 1 { "username" : { "$minKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "username" : "Join1", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5af") } on : shard-a Timestamp(2, 1) { "username" : "Join1", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5af") } -->> { "username" : "Join2", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5b0") } on : shard-a Timestamp(1, 2) { "username" : "Join2", "_id" : ObjectId("58fe293756525c8a54e2a5b0") } -->> { "username" : { "$maxKey" : 1 }, "_id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } } on : shard-b Timestamp(2, 0) # 这个方法会打印所有的数据库信息，并且包含范围信息。表象背后，MongoDB 底层依赖 2 个机制来保持集群的平衡：分割与迁移。
分割是把一个大的数据库分割为 2 个更小的数据块的过程。它只会在数据块大小超过大限制的时候才会发生，目前的默认设置是 64MB。分割是必须的，因为数据块太大就难以在整个集合中分布。
迁移就是在分片之间移动数据块的过程。当某些分片服务器包含的数据块数量大大超过其他分片服务器就会触发迁移过程，这个触发器叫做迁移回合（migration round）。在一个迁移回合中，数据块从某些分片服务器迁移到其他分片服务器，直到集群看起来相对平衡为止。我们可以想象一下这两个操作，迁移比分割昂贵得多。
实际上，这些操作不应该影响我们，但是明白这一点非常有用，当遇到性能问题的时候就要想到可能它们正在迁移数据。如果插入的数据分布均匀，各个分片上的数据集应该差不多以相同的速度增长，则迁移应该不会频繁发生。
另外有需要云服务器可以了解下创新互联cdcxhl.cn，海内外云服务器15元起步，三天无理由+7*72小时售后在线，公司持有idc许可证，提供“云服务器、裸金属服务器、高防服务器、香港服务器、美国服务器、虚拟主机、免备案服务器”等云主机租用服务以及企业上云的综合解决方案，具有“安全稳定、简单易用、服务可用性高、性价比高”等特点与优势，专为企业上云打造定制，能够满足用户丰富、多元化的应用场景需求。
文章题目：MongoDB3分片集群安装配置-创新互联
链接地址：http://cqcxhl.com/article/gosgh.html